SC-Canopy: A Tiered Network Architecture for Indoor Robot Swarms. Mengyao Liu, Luiz Sampaio, Jonathan Oostvogels, Kate O’Riordan, Sam Michiels, Thomas Watteyne, Danny Hughes. Workshop on Crystal-Free/-Less Radio and System-based Research for IoT (CrystalFreeIoT), International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN), Leuven, Belgium, 22 September 2025.

Swarm Robotics uses collections of simple robots, which collaborate to accomplish tasks faster, and at a lower cost than more complex robot individuals. A major segment of the Swarm Robotics market will operate indoors; patrolling secure facilities, sorting packages in a warehouse or cleaning commercial buildings. As the swarm focuses on collaboration, effective communication is essential. The cost of installing power and network cables thus poses a significant barrier to entry for facilities lacking wireless networking. We tackle this problem by introducing a ‘peel and stick’ backhaul for swarm robot telemetry that operates for several years on a D-cell battery. Our solution is tiered, using a time-synchronized mesh network as its backhaul and near-field communication between the robots and the mesh, with 𝜇W-scale listening power. Our evaluation demonstrates that this architecture achieves over 90% reliability, low power consumption and long battery life.